Democratic Consolidation and Electoral Integrity in Sierra Leone: A Two-Decade Analysis of Electoral Observation Reports (2002–2023)

Abstract

This study critically interrogates the role of electoral observation missions in Sierra Leone’s democratic consolidation process from 2002 to 2023. Drawing on a longitudinal analysis of reports from ECOWAS, the European Union, The Carter Center, and National Election Watch (NEW), the research employs a qualitative document analysis framework to uncover thematic patterns, institutional responses, and reform outcomes. The findings reveal consistent observer emphasis on transparency deficits, participation gaps, legal ambiguities, and electoral security concerns. However, despite methodological advancements in observation, a persistent implementation gap hampers systemic reform. The study concludes that while electoral observers have contributed to procedural improvements and civic engagement, their impact remains constrained by political inertia and institutional fragility. Recommendations include formalizing mechanisms for uptake of observer recommendations, enacting campaign finance reforms, safeguarding ECSL independence, and empowering domestic observers. This research underscores the urgent need to bridge the gap between diagnostic clarity and structural transformation in Sierra Leone’s democratization journey.